Recovery Tool V2 43 Exercise3/17/2021
The axis of rotation of the dynamometer was aligned with the lateral epicondyle of the right femur.
Recovery Tool V2 43 Exercise Upgrade Your BrowserPlease upgrade your browser or activate Google Chrome Frame to improve your experience.Foam rolling (FR) has been suggested to improve acute performance; however, the ability to facilitate recovery from eccentric (ECC) exercise remains unclear.Immediately, 24, 48, and 72 h post-training countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), pressure-pain threshold (PPT), knee flexion range of motion (ROM), and mid-thigh circumference (MTC) were assessed. Neurophysiological measures included voluntary activation (VA), peak twitch torque (PTT), time to peak twitch (PTT time ), and rate of twitch torque development (RTD). Participants then spent 15 min FR prior to each time point or control (CON). Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and standardized effect sizes (Hedges g ) 95 confidence intervals (95 CI) were used to compare FR and CON. EIMD is common following intense exercise, especially when repeated ECC contractions are performed. Consequently, ECC exercise can impair neuromuscular function for prolonged periods of time due to muscle soreness and pain, structural perturbations, and inflammation ( Kouzaki et al., 2016 ). In sport, the spatiality of training sessions andor competition are often more frequent than the ideal recovery period, leading to sub-optimal performance, burnout, and injury ( Lehmann et al., 1999; Kellman, 2010 ). Therefore, several, often concurrent techniques are employed in an attempt to facilitate recovery. For example, contrast- or cryo-therapy, stretching, massage, light exercise, and FR are commonly used, however, the supporting evidence and the understanding of potential underlying mechanisms are largely inconclusive ( Luttrell and Halliwill, 2015 ). For instance, a reduction in central drive to the muscle (i.e., VA) has been shown following sustained isometric tasks ( Gandevia et al., 1996; Taylor and Gandevia, 2008 ) and in particular, the days following ECC exercise ( Behm et al., 2001; Prasartwuth et al., 2005 ). Other evoked contractile properties (e.g., PTT and RTD) may also be compromised under fatigue. Furthermore, neuromuscular performance can also be impaired by various physiological processes at the muscular level including metabolic perturbations and mechanical stress ( Allen et al., 2008; McKenna et al., 2008 ). In the days following repeated ECC contractions, pro-inflammatory responses induce swelling and increase pain sensitivity, likely due to structural damage of the myofibrils, cellular matrix, and connective tissue ( Proske and Allen, 2005; Kanda et al., 2013 ). Thus, a reduction in neuromuscular function may severely impact performance and increase the likelihood of injury, especially following muscle damaging ECC exercise. However, despite continued scientific enquiry the effectiveness of FR to improve functional performance and recovery, and the underlying mechanisms that may be responsible remain somewhat unclear. Specifically, we aimed to quantify these responses during the fatigue and recovery period, up to 72 h post-exercise. Based on the previous evidence, we hypothesized that: (1) the recovery of performance variables (MVIC andor CMJ) will be facilitated with a FR intervention and (2) improved neural, mechanical, and subjective outcomes will accompany an improvement in performance. The results are expected to provide evidence regarding the efficacy of FR as a tool to improve functional recovery and elucidate the potential underpinning neurophysiological mechanisms responsible. These findings will be particularly important for athletes who have consecutive bouts of training and competition resulting in muscle damage with minimal inter-session recovery periods. The two experimental conditions consisted of the ECC exercise followed by either: (1) quiet sitting for 15 min rest following exercise and before each testing point; CON or (2) completed 15 min FR immediately post-training and before each testing point and at 24, 48, and 72 h at the same time of day for each participant across both conditions. The order of testing was as follows: MTC, ROM, CMJ, and then MVIC followed by electrical stimulation. Participants were asked to abstain from food and caffeine 3 h prior to testing, and physical activity and alcohol 24 h prior to testing and during recovery. Participants were informed of the study requirements and written consent was obtained prior to testing. This study was approved by the Charles Sturt University Human Research Ethics Committee. The participant was secured with a harness and the leg secured to the lever arm with a strap placed at the ankle 1 cm above the lateral malleolus.
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